What Causes Colour in Gemstones?

Colour

Colour is defined as the visual sensations produced upon the retina by light waves of different lengths.

Light

Light is defined as a form of energy which is radiated by means of electromagnetic waves measured in centimetres or nanometres which are equal to one millionth of a millimetre.

Visible Light

White Light

Is composed of an approximately equal mixture of all colours or wavelengths that make up the visible spectrum.

Red / Orange / Yellow / Green / Blue / Violet

A Coloured Gemstone in White Light

The colour we see is the result of the absorption by the stone of various wavelengths of the original white light.

Transparent Stones - absorption occurs as the light passes through the stone.

Opaque Stones - absorption occurs as the light is reflected from the stones surface.

Selective Absorption: The suppression of certain wavelengths or colours in white light. It is caused either by impurities present in the gemstone (i.e Chromium in Ruby or Iron in Amethyst) or by chemicals in the stones composition (i.e Copper in Malachite or Manganese in Rhodonite).

Allochromatic Gemstones: Gemstones whose colours are caused by impurities.

Idiochromatic Gemstones : Gemstones who owe their colour to their own chemical composition.

Selective absorption of light in both Allochromatic and Idiochromatic gems is caused mainly by the presence of "Transition Elements".

Transition Elements:

Vanadium	Synthetic Corundum (Alexandrite Colour change), Blue/Violet Sapphire
Chromium	Ruby, Emerald, Alexandrite, Red Spinel, Jadeite,Demantoid Garnet, Pyrope Garnet, Pink Topaz
Iron	Amethyst, Sapphire, Peridot, Aquamarine, Tourmaline, Almandine Garnet
Nickel	Chrysoprase Quartz, Synthetic Green and Yellow Sapphires
Manganese	Rhodochrosite, Rhodonite, Spessartite Garnet, Rose Quartz
Copper	Malachite, Turquoise, Synthetic Green Sapphire
Cobalt	Synthetic Blue Spinel, Blue Synthetic Quartz, Cobalt Glass and Natural Blue Spinel
Titanium	Blue Sapphire

Metamerism: Colour change effect seen when a stone is moved from one type of lighting to another (i.e Alexandrite).

In Alexandrite, there is a broad absorption band in the yellow part of the spectrum.

Alexandrite appears green by daylight since this light is rich in shorter wavelengths and red in artificial light (not fluorescent lighting) since this light is rich in longer wavelengths.

The tungsten lamp is blue-deficient hence the red colour seen in Alexandrite

Spectroscope

The phenomenon termed "Selective Absorption" can be made visible by using an instrument called a Spectroscope. By using a series of prisms or diffraction grating, it is possible to analyze the light as it passes through a gemstone. The result is called an "Absorption Spectrum" in which the colours or wavelengths absorbed by the gemstone appear as dark bands.

Prism Type Spectroscope

1. Adjust the slit so that the resolution is pertinent to the spectrum being analyzed.
2. Immerse the stone in cold water to cool it down.
3. Use a strong, cool, concentrated light source. Fibre Optic is recommended.
4. Either direct the light through the gemstone (in the case of a transparent stone) or reflect it from the surface (in the case of opaque stones).
5. Position the spectroscope in such a way as to receive the transmitted light through the slit.

Uses:

1. Unpolished stones.
2. To identify treated stones.
3. Faceted stones that have a refractive index above the normal range of the refractometer.
4. Identify some synthetics (i.e Natural Blue Sapphire from its synthetic counterpart)

Disadvantages:

1. Costly.
2. Wavelengths are not linearly spaced out. The red end is bunched whilst the blue/violet is spread out.

Diffraction Grating

1. Utilizes a diffraction grating to disperse the light into the spectral colours.
2. The diffraction grating consists of a glass plate onto which a series of fine parallel lines have been photographically printed in the region of 15,000 to 30,000 per inch. It produces a series of diffracted beams which appear as an evenly spaced out spectrum.
3. Use in a similar fashion to the prism type spectroscope.

Uses:

Same as the prism type spectroscope.

Disadvantages:

1. Spectrum is not as bright.
2. Hard to regulate the amount of light that enters the instrument.
3. Hard to view in the blue end of the spectrum.

Advantages:

1. Cost, they are relatively inexpensive.
2. Extremely portable.

Transition Elements :

Vanadium	Responsible for attractive green colours. Absorption spectra is similar to chromium but has fewer lines and less distinct broad lines.
Chromium	Responsible for the finest colours in gemstones. Intense and well defined absorption lines. Unabsorbed colours are usually transmitted at almost full intensity. Position, intensity and breadth of yellow/green absorption determines whether the stone is redor green.
Iron	Colours not as brilliant. Absorption tends to be throughout the entire spectrum but is mostly concentrated in the blue/violet regions.
Nickel	Does not generally appear in gemstones. Overall absorption with no clear cut bands. Reds tend to be absorbed with good transmission in the violet and beyond.
Manganese	Absorption spectra tends to show bands of increasing intensity from the blue down to the violet and beyond.
Copper	Only appears in idiochromatic gems. Vague absorption except in the case ofTurquoise.
Titanium	Absorption spectra resembles iron but with no clear cut absorption in the visible region.
Cobalt	Characterized by distinctive absorption spectra with 3 strong bands in the orange/red, yellow/ green with free transmission in the red.